At Université de Montréal, the co-advisorship (Cotutelle) program is enjoying remarkable success. Since its start in 1996-1997, more than 400 students have joined the program.
The co-advisorship program originally occurred between France and Quebec, and has now expanded to encompass other European countries, including Belgium, and Switzerland.
Partially at the host institution and partially at Université de Montréal, the Ph.D. students write a single thesis, that they defend before a committee in Quebec or abroad.